Package Management

Package management - bu Linux tizimlarida dasturlar o'rnatish, yangilash va o'chirish uchun asosiy vosita. Har bir Linux distributionining o'ziga xos package manager'i mavjud.

Package Management Asoslari

Package Manager Turlari

# Debian/Ubuntu oilasi
apt, apt-get, dpkg          # APT (Advanced Package Tool)

# Red Hat/CentOS/Fedora oilasi  
yum, dnf, rpm               # YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified), DNF (Dandified YUM)

# Arch Linux oilasi
pacman                      # Pacman

# SUSE oilasi
zypper, rpm                 # Zypper

# Alpine Linux
apk                         # Alpine Package Keeper

# Universal package managers
snap, flatpak, appimage     # Cross-distribution packages

Package Terminology

# Package - o'rnatish uchun tayyor dastur
# Repository - package'lar saqlanadigan server
# Dependencies - boshqa package'larga bog'liqlik
# Metadata - package haqida ma'lumot
# Cache - yuklab olingan package'lar saqlanadigan joy

APT (Debian/Ubuntu)

APT Asosiy Buyruqlar

# Package lists yangilash
sudo apt update             # Repository ma'lumotlarini yangilash

# Package'larni yangilash
sudo apt upgrade            # Barcha package'larni yangilash
sudo apt full-upgrade       # System upgrade (kernel ham)
sudo apt dist-upgrade       # Distribution upgrade

# Package o'rnatish
sudo apt install package_name
sudo apt install package1 package2 package3
sudo apt install ./package.deb         # Local .deb file
sudo apt install package_name=version  # Specific version

# Package qidirish
apt search keyword          # Package qidirish
apt show package_name       # Package ma'lumotlari
apt list --installed        # O'rnatilgan package'lar
apt list --upgradable       # Yangilanishi mumkin bo'lgan package'lar

# Package o'chirish
sudo apt remove package_name    # Package o'chirish (config files qoldirish)
sudo apt purge package_name     # Package va config files o'chirish
sudo apt autoremove             # Kerak bo'lmagan dependencies tozalash

APT Configuration

# Repository configuration
cat /etc/apt/sources.list           # Main repositories
ls /etc/apt/sources.list.d/         # Additional repositories

# Repository qo'shish
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:repository_name
sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://repository.url distribution component"

# GPG kalitlar
sudo apt-key list                   # GPG kalitlarni ko'rish
wget -qO- https://key.url | sudo apt-key add -  # GPG kalit qo'shish

# Cache management
sudo apt clean                      # Package cache tozalash
sudo apt autoclean                  # Eski package cache tozalash
du -sh /var/cache/apt/archives/      # Cache hajmi

APT Advanced Usage

# Package dependencies
apt depends package_name             # Dependencies ko'rish
apt rdepends package_name            # Reverse dependencies

# Package files
dpkg -L package_name                 # Package fayllari
dpkg -S filename                     # Fayl qaysi package'ga tegishli
which command | xargs dpkg -S        # Command qaysi package'da

# Package hold (yangilanishini to'xtatish)
sudo apt-mark hold package_name      # Package hold
sudo apt-mark unhold package_name    # Hold bekor qilish
apt-mark showhold                    # Hold qilingan package'lar

# Package information
apt policy package_name              # Package policy va version'lar
apt-cache madison package_name       # Available versions

YUM (CentOS/RHEL 7)

YUM Asosiy Buyruqlar

# Package lists yangilash
sudo yum update                      # Package lists va updates
sudo yum check-update                # Available updates ko'rish

# Package o'rnatish
sudo yum install package_name
sudo yum install package1 package2
sudo yum localinstall package.rpm    # Local RPM file
sudo yum reinstall package_name      # Package'ni qayta o'rnatish

# Package qidirish
yum search keyword                   # Package qidirish
yum info package_name                # Package ma'lumotlari
yum list installed                   # O'rnatilgan package'lar
yum list available                   # Mavjud package'lar
yum list updates                     # Yangilanishi mumkin

# Package o'chirish
sudo yum remove package_name         # Package o'chirish
sudo yum autoremove                  # Orphaned packages tozalash

YUM Configuration

# Repository configuration
cat /etc/yum.conf                    # Main configuration
ls /etc/yum.repos.d/                 # Repository files

# Repository management
sudo yum repolist                    # Active repositories
sudo yum repolist all                # Barcha repositories
sudo yum-config-manager --enable repo_name   # Repository enable
sudo yum-config-manager --disable repo_name  # Repository disable

# EPEL repository (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux)
sudo yum install epel-release        # EPEL repository qo'shish

# Cache management
sudo yum clean all                   # Cache tozalash
sudo yum makecache                   # Cache rebuild

DNF (Fedora/CentOS 8+/RHEL 8+)

DNF Asosiy Buyruqlar

# Package management (YUM'ga o'xshash)
sudo dnf update                      # System update
sudo dnf upgrade                     # Alias for update
sudo dnf install package_name        # Package o'rnatish
sudo dnf remove package_name         # Package o'chirish
sudo dnf autoremove                  # Orphaned packages

# Package qidirish
dnf search keyword                   # Package qidirish
dnf info package_name                # Package ma'lumotlari
dnf list installed                   # O'rnatilgan package'lar
dnf list available                   # Mavjud package'lar

# Group management
dnf grouplist                        # Available groups
sudo dnf groupinstall "Group Name"   # Group o'rnatish
sudo dnf groupremove "Group Name"    # Group o'chirish

# History
dnf history                          # Transaction history
sudo dnf history undo ID             # Transaction bekor qilish
sudo dnf history redo ID             # Transaction qayta qilish

DNF Advanced Features

# Module management (DNF Modules)
dnf module list                      # Available modules
dnf module list nodejs               # Specific module versions
sudo dnf module install nodejs:14    # Module stream o'rnatish
sudo dnf module enable nodejs:14     # Module enable
sudo dnf module disable nodejs       # Module disable

# Downgrade
sudo dnf downgrade package_name      # Package downgrade

# Repository management
sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo https://repo.url/repo.repo
sudo dnf config-manager --enable repo_name
sudo dnf config-manager --disable repo_name

Pacman (Arch Linux)

Pacman Asosiy Buyruqlar

# System update
sudo pacman -Syu                     # Full system update
sudo pacman -Sy                      # Sync package database
sudo pacman -Su                      # Upgrade packages

# Package o'rnatish
sudo pacman -S package_name          # Package o'rnatish
sudo pacman -S package1 package2     # Multiple packages
sudo pacman -U package.pkg.tar.xz    # Local package

# Package qidirish
pacman -Ss keyword                   # Package qidirish
pacman -Si package_name              # Package ma'lumotlari
pacman -Q                            # O'rnatilgan package'lar
pacman -Qs keyword                   # O'rnatilgan package'larda qidirish

# Package o'chirish
sudo pacman -R package_name          # Package o'chirish
sudo pacman -Rs package_name         # Package va dependencies
sudo pacman -Rns package_name        # Recursive, nosave, dependencies
sudo pacman -Rdd package_name        # Force remove (dangerous)

# Cache management
sudo pacman -Sc                      # Cache tozalash
sudo pacman -Scc                     # Full cache tozalash
paccache -r                          # Keep only recent packages

Pacman Advanced Usage

# Package information
pacman -Qi package_name              # O'rnatilgan package info
pacman -Ql package_name              # Package files
pacman -Qo filename                  # File owner package

# Dependencies
pacman -Qdt                          # Orphaned packages
sudo pacman -Rs $(pacman -Qtdq)      # Remove orphans

# AUR (Arch User Repository) - yay helper
yay -S package_name                  # AUR package o'rnatish
yay -Syu                             # System va AUR update
yay -Ss keyword                      # AUR'da qidirish

Zypper (openSUSE)

Zypper Asosiy Buyruqlar

# Package management
sudo zypper refresh                  # Repository refresh
sudo zypper update                   # Package update
sudo zypper install package_name     # Package o'rnatish
sudo zypper remove package_name      # Package o'chirish

# Package qidirish
zypper search keyword                # Package qidirish
zypper info package_name             # Package ma'lumotlari
zypper packages --installed-only     # O'rnatilgan package'lar

# Repository management
zypper repos                         # Repository list
sudo zypper addrepo URL alias        # Repository qo'shish
sudo zypper removerepo alias         # Repository o'chirish

# Pattern management (package groups)
zypper patterns                      # Available patterns
sudo zypper install -t pattern pattern_name

APK (Alpine Linux)

APK Asosiy Buyruqlar

# Package management
apk update                           # Repository index update
apk upgrade                          # Package upgrade
apk add package_name                 # Package o'rnatish
apk del package_name                 # Package o'chirish

# Package qidirish
apk search keyword                   # Package qidirish
apk info package_name                # Package ma'lumotlari
apk list                             # Available packages
apk list -I                          # O'rnatilgan package'lar

# Cache management
apk cache clean                      # Cache tozalash
apk cache download package_name      # Package download

# Virtual packages
apk add --virtual .build-deps gcc musl-dev
apk del .build-deps                  # Virtual package o'chirish

Universal Package Managers

Snap Packages

# Snap o'rnatish (Ubuntu'da default)
sudo apt install snapd              # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo dnf install snapd              # Fedora

# Snap package management
snap find keyword                    # Package qidirish
sudo snap install package_name      # Package o'rnatish
sudo snap remove package_name       # Package o'chirish
snap list                           # O'rnatilgan snap'lar
sudo snap refresh                   # Barcha snap'larni yangilash

# Channels
sudo snap install package_name --stable
sudo snap install package_name --edge
sudo snap install package_name --beta

# Classic snaps
sudo snap install --classic package_name

Flatpak

# Flatpak o'rnatish
sudo apt install flatpak            # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo dnf install flatpak            # Fedora

# Repository qo'shish
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo

# Package management
flatpak search keyword               # Package qidirish
flatpak install repository package  # Package o'rnatish
flatpak uninstall package           # Package o'chirish
flatpak list                        # O'rnatilgan package'lar
flatpak update                      # Package'larni yangilash

# Run applications
flatpak run org.application.Name

Package Management Best Practices

1. System Update Strategy

#!/bin/bash
# system-update.sh - Safe system update script

DISTRO=$(lsb_release -si 2>/dev/null || echo "Unknown")
LOG_FILE="/var/log/system-update-$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).log"

log() {
    echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}

# Create backup before update
backup_system() {
    log "Creating system backup..."
    # Add your backup logic here
    # For example: rsync, tar, or specialized backup tools
}

# Update based on distribution
update_system() {
    case "$DISTRO" in
        "Ubuntu"|"Debian")
            log "Updating APT system..."
            sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            sudo apt autoremove -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            ;;
        "CentOS"|"Red Hat"*)
            if command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
                log "Updating DNF system..."
                sudo dnf update -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
                sudo dnf autoremove -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            else
                log "Updating YUM system..."
                sudo yum update -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            fi
            ;;
        "Fedora")
            log "Updating Fedora system..."
            sudo dnf update -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            sudo dnf autoremove -y 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            ;;
        "Arch")
            log "Updating Arch system..."
            sudo pacman -Syu --noconfirm 2>&1 | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
            ;;
        *)
            log "Unknown distribution: $DISTRO"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
}

# Check if reboot is needed
check_reboot() {
    if [ -f /var/run/reboot-required ]; then
        log "Reboot required after updates"
        echo "System needs to be rebooted"
    elif [ -f /proc/sys/kernel/kexec_load_disabled ]; then
        # Check for kernel update on other systems
        log "Checking if kernel was updated..."
        # Add logic to check kernel version
    fi
}

# Main execution
log "Starting system update process"
backup_system
update_system
check_reboot
log "System update completed"

2. Package Audit Script

#!/bin/bash
# package-audit.sh - Package security and maintenance audit

audit_packages() {
    echo "=== Package Audit Report - $(date) ==="
    
    # Detect distribution
    if command -v apt &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_MGR="apt"
    elif command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_MGR="dnf"
    elif command -v yum &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_MGR="yum"
    elif command -v pacman &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_MGR="pacman"
    else
        echo "Unsupported package manager"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    case "$PKG_MGR" in
        "apt")
            echo "=== Upgradable Packages ==="
            apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | tail -n +2
            
            echo -e "\n=== Security Updates ==="
            apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | grep -i security
            
            echo -e "\n=== Installed Package Count ==="
            dpkg -l | grep "^ii" | wc -l
            
            echo -e "\n=== Largest Packages ==="
            dpkg-query -Wf '${Installed-Size}\t${Package}\n' | sort -n | tail -10
            ;;
            
        "dnf"|"yum")
            echo "=== Available Updates ==="
            $PKG_MGR check-update 2>/dev/null | grep -v "^$"
            
            echo -e "\n=== Security Updates ==="
            $PKG_MGR updateinfo list security 2>/dev/null
            
            echo -e "\n=== Installed Package Count ==="
            rpm -qa | wc -l
            
            echo -e "\n=== Largest Packages ==="
            rpm -qa --queryformat '%{SIZE} %{NAME}\n' | sort -n | tail -10
            ;;
            
        "pacman")
            echo "=== Available Updates ==="
            pacman -Qu 2>/dev/null
            
            echo -e "\n=== Installed Package Count ==="
            pacman -Q | wc -l
            
            echo -e "\n=== Orphaned Packages ==="
            pacman -Qdt
            
            echo -e "\n=== Largest Packages ==="
            pacman -Qi | grep -E "^(Name|Installed Size)" | paste - - | sort -k4 -h | tail -10
            ;;
    esac
    
    # Common checks
    echo -e "\n=== Failed Services (systemctl) ==="
    systemctl --failed --no-legend 2>/dev/null
    
    echo -e "\n=== Disk Usage ==="
    df -h | grep -vE '^Filesystem|tmpfs|udev'
}

# Security-specific checks
security_audit() {
    echo -e "\n=== Security Audit ==="
    
    # Check for packages with known vulnerabilities
    echo "=== CVE Checks ==="
    if command -v debsecan &> /dev/null; then
        debsecan --suite $(lsb_release -cs) --only-fixed
    elif command -v yum &> /dev/null && command -v yum-security &> /dev/null; then
        yum --security check-update
    fi
    
    # Check for unsigned packages
    echo -e "\n=== Package Signature Verification ==="
    case "$PKG_MGR" in
        "apt")
            # Check for packages without valid signatures
            dpkg --audit
            ;;
        "dnf"|"yum")
            # Check GPG signatures
            rpm --checksig -v $(rpm -qa) | grep "NOT OK" | head -10
            ;;
        "pacman")
            # Check package integrity
            pacman -Qkk 2>&1 | grep warning | head -10
            ;;
    esac
}

# Execute audits
audit_packages
security_audit

3. Repository Management

#!/bin/bash
# repo-manager.sh - Repository management script

manage_repositories() {
    local action=$1
    local repo_name=$2
    local repo_url=$3
    
    if command -v apt &> /dev/null; then
        case "$action" in
            "add")
                if [[ "$repo_url" =~ ^ppa: ]]; then
                    sudo add-apt-repository "$repo_url" -y
                else
                    echo "deb $repo_url" | sudo tee "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/$repo_name.list"
                fi
                sudo apt update
                ;;
            "remove")
                if [[ -f "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/$repo_name.list" ]]; then
                    sudo rm "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/$repo_name.list"
                    sudo apt update
                else
                    sudo add-apt-repository --remove "$repo_name" -y
                fi
                ;;
            "list")
                cat /etc/apt/sources.list
                ls -la /etc/apt/sources.list.d/
                ;;
        esac
        
    elif command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
        case "$action" in
            "add")
                sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo "$repo_url"
                ;;
            "remove")
                sudo dnf config-manager --disable "$repo_name"
                ;;
            "list")
                dnf repolist
                ;;
        esac
        
    elif command -v pacman &> /dev/null; then
        case "$action" in
            "add")
                echo -e "\n[$repo_name]\nServer = $repo_url" | sudo tee -a /etc/pacman.conf
                sudo pacman -Sy
                ;;
            "remove")
                sudo sed -i "/\[$repo_name\]/,/^$/d" /etc/pacman.conf
                ;;
            "list")
                grep "^\[" /etc/pacman.conf
                ;;
        esac
    fi
}

# Usage examples:
# manage_repositories "add" "nodejs" "https://deb.nodesource.com/node_16.x focal main"
# manage_repositories "list"
# manage_repositories "remove" "nodejs"

4. Package Cleanup Automation

#!/bin/bash
# package-cleanup.sh - Automated package maintenance

cleanup_packages() {
    echo "=== Package Cleanup - $(date) ==="
    
    if command -v apt &> /dev/null; then
        echo "Cleaning APT system..."
        
        # Remove orphaned packages
        sudo apt autoremove -y
        
        # Clean package cache
        sudo apt autoclean
        
        # Remove old kernels (keep current + 1)
        if command -v purge-old-kernels &> /dev/null; then
            sudo purge-old-kernels --keep 1
        fi
        
        # Fix broken packages
        sudo apt --fix-broken install -y
        
        # Remove packages that were automatically installed but no longer needed
        sudo apt autoremove --purge -y
        
    elif command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
        echo "Cleaning DNF system..."
        
        # Remove orphaned packages
        sudo dnf autoremove -y
        
        # Clean cache
        sudo dnf clean all
        
        # Remove old kernels
        sudo dnf remove $(dnf repoquery --installonly --latest-limit=-2 -q)
        
    elif command -v yum &> /dev/null; then
        echo "Cleaning YUM system..."
        
        # Clean cache
        sudo yum clean all
        
        # Remove orphaned packages
        sudo package-cleanup --leaves --all
        
        # Remove old kernels
        sudo package-cleanup --oldkernels --count=1
        
    elif command -v pacman &> /dev/null; then
        echo "Cleaning Pacman system..."
        
        # Remove orphaned packages
        sudo pacman -Rs $(pacman -Qtdq) 2>/dev/null || true
        
        # Clean cache
        sudo pacman -Sc --noconfirm
        
        # Clean build cache if using AUR helper
        if command -v yay &> /dev/null; then
            yay -Sc --noconfirm
        fi
    fi
    
    echo "Package cleanup completed"
}

# Schedule cleanup (add to crontab)
# 0 2 * * 0 /usr/local/bin/package-cleanup.sh >> /var/log/package-cleanup.log 2>&1

cleanup_packages

5. Development Environment Setup

#!/bin/bash
# dev-environment-setup.sh - Development tools installation

install_development_tools() {
    local profile=$1  # web, python, nodejs, java, etc.
    
    echo "Setting up $profile development environment..."
    
    # Detect package manager
    if command -v apt &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_INSTALL="sudo apt install -y"
        PKG_UPDATE="sudo apt update"
    elif command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_INSTALL="sudo dnf install -y"
        PKG_UPDATE="sudo dnf check-update"
    elif command -v pacman &> /dev/null; then
        PKG_INSTALL="sudo pacman -S --noconfirm"
        PKG_UPDATE="sudo pacman -Sy"
    else
        echo "Unsupported package manager"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    # Update package database
    $PKG_UPDATE
    
    # Common development tools
    echo "Installing common development tools..."
    $PKG_INSTALL git curl wget vim nano build-essential
    
    case "$profile" in
        "web")
            echo "Installing web development tools..."
            $PKG_INSTALL nginx apache2 mysql-server php nodejs npm
            ;;
        "python")
            echo "Installing Python development tools..."
            $PKG_INSTALL python3 python3-pip python3-venv python3-dev
            pip3 install virtualenv pipenv
            ;;
        "nodejs")
            echo "Installing Node.js development tools..."
            # Install Node.js via NodeSource repository
            curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_lts.x | sudo -E bash -
            $PKG_INSTALL nodejs
            npm install -g yarn pm2 nodemon
            ;;
        "java")
            echo "Installing Java development tools..."
            $PKG_INSTALL openjdk-11-jdk maven gradle
            ;;
        "docker")
            echo "Installing Docker..."
            # Add Docker repository and install
            curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sh
            sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
            ;;
        "full")
            echo "Installing full development stack..."
            install_development_tools "web"
            install_development_tools "python"
            install_development_tools "nodejs"
            install_development_tools "java"
            install_development_tools "docker"
            ;;
    esac
    
    echo "$profile development environment setup completed"
}

# Usage
# install_development_tools "python"
# install_development_tools "full"

Bu tutorial package management bo'yicha barcha asosiy Linux distributionlar uchun universal ma'lumotlarni qamrab oladi. Har qanday Linux foydalanuvchisi o'z distributioniga mos qismdan foydalanishi mumkin.